Effects of Introduced Salmonids on a Montane Population of Iberian Frogs

摘要: Amphibians are declining worldwide because of multiple factors, including human-mediated introduction fishes into naturally fishless areas. Although several studies have focused on the effect exotic native amphibians breeding in ponds or lakes, little is known about their effects stream-breeding species. We studied introductions brown trout (Salmo trutta) and brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) stream-breeding, endemic Iberian frog (Rana iberica) a protected area central Spain. assessed occurrence patterns tadpoles salmonids compared habitat use three also determined experimentally whether chemical cues from elicited antipredator behavior tadpoles. Finally, we relative influence tadpole preferences, differences salmonid species, invasion geography occurrence. Despite widely overlapping did not coexist, with former restricted to habitats. Tadpoles detected both species reacted by decreasing activity, although response toward was stronger The residual distribution frogs Penalara better explained fish invasions than involved. Measures such as extirpation certain areas, aimed at recovering lost improving connectivity among remaining populations frogs, seem critical for species' long-term survival