Tardive dyskinesia: review of treatments past, present, and future.

摘要: The aim of this article is to review the theories purported explain pathophysiology tardive dyskinesia (TD) and various agents investigated for its treatment. methods used included a studies in English, Medline search, as well check references listed at end articles was conducted obtain relevant review. results show that vitamin E appears be promising agent both treatment prophylaxis TD. Complete remission has been reported with clozapine, but there need further studies. There are cases benefits numerous miscellaneous agents, including electroconvulsive therapy, no well-designed, substantiating We conclude universally effective Vitamin possibly Clozapine therapy should considered patients refractory traditional antipsychotics who develop Judicious use periodic monitoring remain cornerstone therapy. None atypical (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine) have long enough or adequately studied their effects on