Scaling of echolocation call parameters in bats.

摘要: I investigated the scaling of echolocation call parameters (frequency, duration and repetition rate) in bats a functional context. Low-duty-cycle operate with search phase cycles usually less than 20 %. They process echoes time domain are therefore intolerant pulse-echo overlap. High-duty-cycle (>30 %) species use Doppler shift compensation, they separate pulse echo frequency domain. Call scales negatively body mass at least five bat families. Pulse positively low-duty-cycle quasi-constant-frequency (QCF) because large aerial-hawking that emit these signals fly fast open habitats. detect distant targets experience overlap later do smaller bats. also Hipposideridae, which show partial compensation. rate corresponds closely wingbeat QCF relatively slowly. Larger, fast-flying often skip pulses when detecting targets. There is probably trade-off between intensity ‘whispering’ (and hipposiderids) produce several calls per predicted batches emitted during terminal buzzes. Severe atmospheric attenuation high frequencies limits range high-frequency calls. must short to avoid Rhinolophids escape this constraint by compensation and, importantly, can exploit advantages associated emission both long-duration Low unsuited for detection small prey, low rates may limit prey rates. Echolocation constrain maximum size