作者: Robert Found , Colleen Cassady St. Clair
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摘要: Loss of migratory behaviour in ungulates often occurs with habituation to people cause several challenges for wildlife managers, particularly protected and urban areas. Aversive conditioning increase ungulate wariness towards could be an important tool managing this problem, but it is frequently thwarted by variation responsiveness among individuals, aspect personality that currently little understood managers. In paper, we describe the potential role ecological progression associated habituation, loss migration, human-wildlife conflict ungulates. We do so (a) synthesizing our prior work on two populations wild elk (Cervus canadensis) living national parks Canadian Rocky Mountains, (b) using articulate a conceptual model explain how anthropogenic changes landscapes favour bolder (c) showing targeted use aversive limit advantages bold individuals promote residency. Our review showed elk, defined combination seven separate metrics bold-shy continuum, are three times more likely forego also quicker learn association, whether via provision or cessation conditioning. These differences may relate cognitive flexibility, which measured limb preferences, imbue rapid responses changing environments. model, show four drivers comprised interactions humans, predators conspecifics, addition forage, adopt resident tactic. personalities result from behavioral genetic differences, gene-environment interactions, each moderated frequency-dependent payoffs individuals. suggest managers prevalence bold, targeting active specific conditioning, while minimizing food sources predator refugia. A better understanding support proactive strategies encourage migration other keystone behaviours landscapes.