Synthesis, Extraction, and Purification of Fullerenes

摘要: This chapter describes the laboratory methods commonly used to synthesize, extract, and purify fullerenes. Fullerene molecules are formed in from carbon-rich vapors which can be obtained a variety of ways, e.g., resistive heating carbon rods vacuum, ac or dc plasma discharge between electrodes He gas, laser ablation oxidative combustion benzene/argon gas mixtures. Most for production large quantities fullerenes simultaneously generate mixture stable (C 60 , C 70 …), impurity such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, soot. Therefore, synthesis must followed by procedures extract separate these impurities according mass, higher fullerenes, separation specific isomeric forms may also required. Fullerenes synthesized wide all involving generation vapor plasma. All current fullerene produce primarily now routinely isolated gram commercially available. Higher-mass endohedral complexes made isolated, albeit substantially reduced amounts. At present most efficient method producing involves an electric graphite ∼200 torr gas. embedded emitted soot then extracted subsequently purified. A variation arc technique is synthesize graphene tubules. However, it appears that will difficult extend chemical isolate particular isomers tubules diameter chiral angle.