Simulation of springback: Through-thickness integration

摘要: Abstract The number of through-thickness integration points ( N IP ) required for accurate springback analysis following sheet forming simulation using shell elements is a subject confusion and controversy. Li Wagoner recommended, in 1999, based on finite element (FEA) draw-bending springback, the use 25 (IP), with up to 51 IP ensure accuracies 1%. Several researchers have since reported that between 5 11 are adequate, or even 7 9 IP optimal, reduced accuracy more IP. These apparent contradictions addressed an analytical model elasto-plastic bending under tension, followed by elastic springback. fractional error evaluated moment, which equal was determined comparing three numerical schemes, various , closed-form result. results illustrate oscillatory nature small parametric changes, such fortuitous agreement can be obtained isolated simulations where inadequate. concept assured limit introduced as well maximum (for range generally unknown tensions). varies scheme, ratio R / t ), tension. Guidelines given tolerances allow practitioners choose parameters appropriately.