Harmful Algae Interactions with Marine Planktonic Grazers

摘要: Toxins from harmful algae (HA) can cause shellfish toxicity and become accumulated in transported through benthic pelagic marine food webs by trophic interactions. In webs, this often causes effects on upper-trophic-level consumers such as mammals, seabirds humans (Turner Tester 1997; Turner et al. 1998). Effects of HA toxins their primary grazers, zooplankton planktivorous fish are variable, some cases causing deleterious but others having little or no obvious effects. Such variability likely relates to different concentrations grazers. Just because phytoplankters toxic does not mean that necessarily evolved repel The numerous documented where phycotoxins have minimal grazers suggest may be coincidental, these chemicals for other reasons, nitrogen storage, bioluminescence, chromosome structural organization, pheromones induction sexuality, they vestigial remnants archaic pathways nucleic acid biosynthesis (Cembella 2003). Previous reviews 1998) summarized information interactions between phytoplankton zooplanktonic published prior about the mid 1990s. Also, (2002) reviewed grazer with Phaeocystis, 2002. Most previous dealt copepods. There been considerable advances within last decade algae, including only copepods mesozooplankton (metazoans >200 μm longest dimension), also microzooplankton (mostly protists <200 dimension). This recent will focus present review, citation aforementioned most studies