Norovirus GII.4 Strain Antigenic Variation

摘要: Noroviruses are the principal cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Multiple reports have concluded that major capsid proteins GII.4 strains, which 80% norovirus infections worldwide, evolving rapidly, resulting in new strains. Surrogate neutralization assays using sera from outbreaks and immunized mice suggest that, as with influenza virus, antigenic variation maintains persistence face human population herd immunity. To test this hypothesis, were hyperimmunized virus-like particles (VLPs) representing an early (GII.4-1987) a contemporary (GII.4-2006) strain. Anti-GII.4-1987 IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) strongly reacted VLPs derived between only 1987 2002. Ligand binding blockade was more efficient GII.4-1987 GII.4-1997 than GII.4-2002. Anti-GII.4-2006 MAbs recognized either broad panel (1987 to 2006) or subset (2004 VLPs. Most 2006 did not recognize poorly 2007 2008, documenting rapid evolution capsids. Generally, blocked homotypic VLP-ligand but unable block strains primarily circulating during earlier These analyses demonstrate both subtle significant evolutionary change has occurred within antibody epitopes providing direct evidence noroviruses undergoing variation, likely response As HIV, hepatitis C will significantly influence design efficacious vaccines immunotherapeutics against these important pathogens.