Trade Competition and Environmental Regulations: Domestic Political Constraints and Issue Visibility

摘要: How do domestic political institutions, specifically veto players, mediate the effect of trade competition on regulatory races in environmental area? Is mediating more pronounced for visible pollution issues such as air relation to less water pollution? Governments are expected respond pressures by lowering costs. To so, governments can rewrite regulations (de jure policy change) and/or lower enforcement existing facto change). In contrast with de changes, changes likely invite opposition from pro-environment constituencies, and therefore politically difficult. Our analysis 140 countries period 1980–2003 suggests that response pressures, not stringency rewriting jure) any level constraints. contrast, when constraints low, trade...