A Molecular Mechanism of Ethanol Dependence: The Influence of the Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Activated by N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

摘要: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about 2 billion people worldwide who consume alcoholic beverages (WHO, 2004). Alcohol use is related to a wide range of physical, mental, and social detriments. Additionally, alcohol affects almost every organ in the human body as well central nervous system (CNS) (Spanagel, 2009). There several theories how CNS. They classified into two main groups depending on primary target ethanol. These lipid protein (Goldstein, 1986). Before 1990s, different postulated acted via some perturbation membrane lipids CNS neurons. In particular, effects fluidity disordering bulk phase membranes were originally attractive hypotheses for action. However, recently hypothesis has become predominant theory (Lovinger, 1997). This predicts acts specifically proteins such receptors ion channels. reason shift towards originates from evidence alcohol, at concentrations 10–20 mM range, directly interferes with function channels (K+, Ca2+) (Lovinger et al., 1989). ethanol mediated through number neural transmitter systems including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) glutamate (Takadera 2008; Murail 2011).