Human-specific Regulation of α2–6-linked Sialic Acids

摘要: Many microbial pathogens and toxins recognize animal cells via cell surface sialic acids (Sias) that are alpha 2-3- or 2-8-linked to the underlying glycan chain. Human influenza A/B viruses unusual in preferring 2-6-linked Sias, undergoing a switch from 2-3 linkage preference during adaptation animals humans. This correlates with expression of Sias on ciliated human airway epithelial target 2-3-linked secreted soluble mucins, which unable inhibit virus binding. Given several known differences Sia biology between humans apes, we asked whether this pattern linkages is also human-specific. Indeed, show since last common ancestor underwent concerted bidirectional surfaces mucins. can explain why chimpanzee appears relatively resistant experimental infection Influenza viruses. Other tissues showed additional examples human-specific increases decreases only one example change specific certain great apes. Furthermore, while ape leukocytes both express erythrocytes have markedly up-regulated expression. These type-specific changes 2-6-Sia evolution represent another biology. Because data set involves multiple conclude patterns be conserved millions years within some vertebrate taxa sudden major other closely related ones.