Remediation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils

摘要: This chapter aims to offer an overview of the main remediation methods potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils, mainly heavy metals, metalloids and radionuclides, focusing on their essential characteristics, advantages limitations. It consists two groups technologies: first group dealing with containment confinement, minimizing toxicity, mobility bioavailability. Containment measures include covering, sealing, encapsulation immobilization through solidification (cement-based, polyethylene resine binders, bituminization or asphalt batching vitrification glassification) stabilization inorganic organic amendments. The second group, decontamination is based remotion, clean up and/or destruction contaminants. includes mechanical procedures (excavation, transport disposal landfills), physical separations, chemical technologies such as soil washing leaching precipitation elements, flushing, thermal treatments (desorption, pyrometallurgical processes incineration) electrokinetic (electromigration, electroosmosis, electrophoresis combinations electrokinetics other techniques). There are also approaches biological nature: bioremediation (biosorption, bioreduction, biomineralization bioleaching-with some examples from Korea) phytoremediation (phytoextraction, including chelate-assisted phytoextraction, phytostabilization, mining activities -with Portugal, Spain, Ecuador, Peru Chile mainly-, phytovolatilisation phytomining).