Management of Tsetse Fly Using Insecticides in Northern Botswana

摘要: The tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) is only found in Africa and carries trypanosomes (the disease agents causing human sleeping sickness animal trypanosomosisNagana), reaching their southern limits (particularly the morsitans group) Botswana Kwazulu Natal South Africa. transmitted a serious problem Sub-Saharan it estimated that removal of this could double livestock production markedly increase cultivation levels. It potential distribution 300,000 km2 (Mathiessen & douthwaite, 1985). Generally, economic social impacts nagana on health are severe, estimates put annual cattle losses at US$2.7 billion >55, 000 people dying from annually (Budd, 1999). usually chronic debilitating form. essentially rural areas, where threat burden such significant contributor to poverty malnutrition. In Botswana, infested area covered ≤ 5% but has had impact populations, particularly Ngamiland Chobe regions, largely because wet areas an otherwise dry country. Prior rinderpest pandemic 1896 which significantly reduced populations much east as result critical loss food source, reached its historical approximately >20,000 (Ford, 1971; Jordon, 1986). As recovered epizootic incidence trypanosomosis increased. For instance, between 1949 1960, District declined by 95% (Lambrecht, 1972). Ploughing along flood plains common local practice these whilst beneficial sense optimal exploitation soil moisture, risk exposure farm workers bites. An average 50 (geometric mean range = 13-272) cases was recorded 1957 1977 Maun Hospital each year. Today Okavango Delta, KwandoLinyanti-Chobe most important destinations for international tourists one major sources revenue within perceived tourism industry, both locally nationally (RTTCP, 1995).