Learning Spatial Information from Maps: Can Orientation-Specificity Be Overcome?∗

摘要: Maps that facilitate learning and navigating through an environment will influence the form content of cognitive representations developed environment. Cognitive derived from maps have been demonstrated to exhibit orientation-specificity, a bias toward orientation at which map was studied, while directly appear be orientation-free. An experiment conducted test hypothesis multi-orientation presentation can eliminate usual orientation-specificity. Results support but suggest elimination orientation-specificity come cost decreased accuracy in representation obtained and/or slower access stored information.