The role of non-governmental organizations in achieving environmental justice for green and blue spaces

摘要: Abstract The governance of green and blue spaces (GBS) has gradually shifted from public agencies to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) worldwide. Scholars have attributed this shift the increased adoption neoliberal involving reduced spending for GBS. Although NGOs’ work on GBS raised environmental justice (EJ) concerns, some NGOs formed advanced EJ goals. To date, limited research compared striving advance different pursuits, namely distributional (equal provision GBS), procedural (engagement marginalized people in decision-making), interactional (meaningful experiences people). Focusing California, where NGO coalitions achieved significant victories, we examine which characteristics are associated with their involvement pursuits. We identify 121 working analyze websites tax returns extract information about focus, scope work, revenue, other characteristics. find that urban settings, having higher a smaller geographic scale odds coalition-member justice. Few justice, suggesting broader range these tasks than also significantly fewer outside focus coalitions. These findings California can inform funding agencies, management, government