The influence of topography on meteorogical variables and surface-atmosphere interactions

摘要: Abstract Topography perturbs practically every process and variable relevant to land-atmosphere interactions, including radiation, air temperature saturation deficit, wind turbulence, cloudiness precipitation, properties of the soil vegetation. We review progress in understanding some these influences, concentrating on field exchanges scalars (especially sensible latent heat) over low moderate hills, both without with flow separation. The treatment is based a physical division into inner, outer wake regions. This framework used discuss modelling approaches, measurements mean special processes region, effecs satisfaction. Scalar transfer surface energy balance are discussed first terms linear theory which accomodates radiative, aerodynamic, elevation perturbations hills. provides general scales for determining relative magnitudes perturbations, but its quantitative predictions limited slopes Next, tunnel experiments study aerodynamic scalar caused by hills situations outside scope theory, such as flows Finally, results extrapolated atmosphere, using convenience boundary layer model. It found that, relatively gentle topography, regional (spatial averaged several hills) insensitive presence topography.