Review of Lithium in the Aquatic Environment: Distribution in the United States, Toxicity and Case Example of Groundwater Contamination

摘要: Lithium is found at low concentrations in the major rivers of United States (about 0.002 mg l(-1)) and as a mineral or salt pegmatites brines. The produces many lithium materials consumes greatest amount Li world for use ceramics, glass, aluminum, pharmaceuticals, batteries, etc. From 1950 to 1970, was central nuclear-related US Department Energy (DOE) activities. historical current has not prompted studies toxicity this element aquatic organisms. Here, we review distribution with emphasis on usage by DOE. We also summarize information biota. A case-example provided which demonstrates potential contamination groundwater Li, evaluates Li-contaminated groundwater, identifies treatment alternative.