Predicting the potential distribution of invasive ring-necked parakeets Psittacula krameri in northern Belgium using an ecological niche modelling approach

摘要: The threat to biodiversity due invasive alien species is considered second only that of habitat loss. Given the large number are currently invading ecosystems all over world, we need distinguish invaders with minor effects from those in order prioritize management efforts. Ecological niche models can be used predict potential distribution an occurrence records and environmental data layers. We Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA), a presence-only predictive modelling approach, describe ring-necked parakeets’ realized identify areas suitable for parakeet northern Belgium. ENFA proved robust reliable technique, able gauge ecological requirements without include historical information on starting point invasion. shows parakeets tend occupy relatively rare habitats compared main conditions Belgium, although they show some tolerance inside parks forests. general governed primarily by amount older forest patches, built-up area landscape—reflecting nesting cavities its reliance upon urban forage. Our resulting suitability maps have ample room further increase their range results indicate concern increased competition between nuthatches, native cavity nesters known suffer parakeets, as regions nuthatch strongholds highly likely invaded parakeets.