In vivo X-ray fluorescence of lead in bone: review and current issues.

摘要: Bone lead measurements can assess long-term dosimetry because the residence time of in bone is long. thus complement blood and plasma measurements, which reflect more short-term exposure. Although noninvasive, vivo measurement by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) has been under development since 1970s, its use still largely confined to research institutions. There are three principal methods used that vary both how X-rays fluoresced fluoresced. Several groups have reported independent systems, majority adopting 109Cd K XRF method advantages: a robust measurement, lower detection limit (compared 57Co XRF), effective (radiation) dose L XRF) when calculated according most recent guidelines. These advantages, subsequent widespread adoption method, primarily consequences physics principles technique. This paper presents an explanation XRF, description practical review human studies performed date; discussion some issues surrounding future application methods.