Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children's Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects.

摘要: Background. Considerable research has linked social determinants of health (SDoHs) such as race, parental education, and household income to school performance, these effects may be in part due working memory. However, a growing literature shows that complex: while the education diminished for Blacks than Whites, explain effects. Purpose. Considering race sociological rather biological construct (race proxy racism) built on Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), this study explored complexities SDoHs children's Methods. We borrowed data from Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The total sample was 10,418, 9- 10-year-old children. independent variables were income. primary outcome memory measured by NIH Toolbox Card Sorting Test. Age, sex, ethnicity, marital status covariates. To analyze data, we used mixed-effect regression models. Results. High associated with higher Black lower association between high but not less pronounced White This differential effect explained Conclusions. For American children, generates unequal memory, depending race. means loses some its expected families. It also suggests children highly educated parents have highest report regardless their education. inequality is mainly because finding significant public policy economic implications need do far more equalizing eliminate racial inequalities cognitive outcomes. While there multilevel policies reduce racism stratification middle-class families, returns