The interplay of adult and larval time constraints shapes species differences in larval life history

摘要: In animals with a complex life cycle, larval life-history plasticity is likely shaped by the interplay of selective factors in both and adult stages. A wide interspecific variation responses to time constraints imposed seasonality has been documented. Few studies have addressed differences among closely related species evolutionary trajectories age size at metamorphosis their link growth rate under constraints. None considered how species-specific length reproductive season affects developmental We tested four Coenagrion damselfly whether longer season, facing smaller threat missing out on reproduction, react less pre-winter food shortage accelerating development rate, therefore pay physiological costs. All increased rates The magnitude this increase negatively correlated across season. Under constraints, only exhibiting longest suffered delayed emergence reduced investment energy storage, yet also showed an immune function. evolution may favor compensation for after metamorphosis. Growth was accelerated same extent species; effects mass did not differ species. Time associated predictably contribute response stage. Our study adds empirical proof that stages determine regard