Cranial Electrical Stimulation

摘要: Cranial electrical stimulation (CES) is a noninvasive brain technology that uses low intensity alternating current (AC) applied to the head through one or more electrodes. CES variants using range of frequencies have been used clinically and in research for approximately 100 years. From early human animal studies so-called electrosleep electro-analgesia, later twentieth century contemporary explorations potential usefulness mild moderate depression, anxiety, insomnia, pain, devices persisted, mostly outside mainstream psychiatric neurological treatment. Low-powered poor quality studies, varied parameters device names, associations with alternative medicine all barriers being scientifically studied refined. This may soon change, several reasons: very affordable easy use; it appears good safety profile; biomedical engineers are optimizing devices; new targeted individual cranial nerve afferents show some success treating specific conditions; recent modeling laboratory data suggest be particularly well suited modulating endogenous oscillations. chapter gives an overview history, evidence efficacy diverse clinical conditions, discusses proposed mechanisms action, regulatory issues, future CES.