Cities against States? Hopes, Dreams and Shortcomings of the European Municipal Movement, 1900–1960

摘要: At the beginning of twentieth century growth towns was accompanied by birth a European and international municipal movement. In 1913 Union Internationale des Villes/International Local Authorities (UIV/IULA) founded in Ghent. This combined two approaches, one political utopian, other technical professional. The former focused on turning cities into promoters project for co-operation at worldwide level; latter solving problems caused urbanisation. They shared determination to pursue their objectives regardless barriers culture national boundaries, administrative hierarchy between local government. Between world wars UIV/IULA gradually lost its original utopian inspiration, which taken up Conseil Communes d'Europe/Council Municipalities, Geneva 1951 with aim using municipalities as starting point promote federation states.