Energy dependence of peripheral reactions induced by heavy ions

摘要: Abstract Collisions of 16 O ions on targets 94 Zr, 197 Au, 208 Pb, and 232 Th are investigated at incident energies 140 315 MeV compared to published data peripheral collisions 33.6 GeV. At MeV, the isotope-production cross sections resemble ground-state Q -value systematics characteristic a partially-equilibrated, di-nuclear system formed in deeply-inelastic scattering. The yields independent shell pairing effects target residual nuclie. These fail where relative element similar those A theory projectile fragmentation accounts for shapes inclusive energy spectra as well isotope both energies. (i.e., factorize) energy, but limiting (i.e. energy) applies only higher differential peal grazing angle or decrease exponentially, depending mass ejectile; distributions described by classical trajectories diffraction models which reaction time is estimated be typical direct reactions. kinetic products depend primarily their charge slightly number. For results, velocities maximum spectrum less than beam velocity rapidly larger scattering angles. results interpreted with simple fraction models, observations