Challenges for the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas in Response to Arctic Marine Operations and Shipping

摘要: Increasing Arctic marine use is driven primarily by natural resource development and greater access throughout the Ocean created profound sea ice retreat. Significant management measures to enhance protection of people environment are emerging, including protected areas (MPAs) which may be effective valuable tools. MPAs have been established individual coastal states within their respective national jurisdictions; however, a pan-Arctic network has yet despite Council deliberations. This overview focuses on those that can designated International Maritime Organization international instrument or treaty respond increasing operations shipping. Key challenges remain in introduction select circumpolar response use: variability ice; rights concerns indigenous people; lack infrastructure; application Central Ocean; establishing monitoring; and, compliance enforcement remote polar seas. Robust bilateral multilateral cooperation will necessary not only establish but also sustain them for long term. Reducing large infrastructure gap key requirement achieve MPA attain critical conservation goals.