Formal semantics of Natural Language: Pragmatics in natural logic

摘要: \U l' Pragmatics in natural logic sconce LAKOFF I would like to discuss two aspects of pragmatics that recent years have been treated very differently: indexicals and conversational implicatures. Montague Scott proposed handle by adding points reference (sometimes called ‘indices') extra coordinates for speaker, hearer, time place utterance. This proposal places among those phenomena be dealt with formal logic, such systems articulated Lewis Kamp, others. Implica- tures on the other hand, were taken Grice nature informal inferences a fundamentally different kind than logical inferences, hence not apparatus logic. In papers dropped hints efl°ect implicatures should somewhat differently they are Montague-Scott proposals. elaborate bit hints. The basic suggestion is this: (I) If goals what adopted, then it possible without any hcarer, utterance, also kinds cxtralogical inference. ingredients as follows: (A) so-called performative analysis imperatives, questions, statements, promises, etc. (B) limitation assignment variables atomic predicates. (C) commitment semantic charac- terization all language concepts, including having 1 Copyright © George Lakofi, 1973. All rights reserved author. work was partially supported grants GS 35119 38476 from National Science Foundation University California. An earlier version this paper presented at Texas Conference Performntives, Implications, Presupposi- tions. 353