The Impact of Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking and Betel Quid Chewing on the Risk of Calcium Urolithiasis

摘要: Purpose To evaluate the independent and combined effects of alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking betel quid chewing on risk calcium urolithiasis. Methods A total 354 cases diagnosed with urolithiasis age- sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital between June 2003 February 2007. All subjects completed a detailed questionnaire survey provided blood urine samples for biochemical evaluation. Results Current (odds ratio [OR], 1.66; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.11–2.50; p = 0.014) current (OR, 1.97; 95%CI, 1.06–3.64; p = 0.032), but not found to be factors development The joint was increased 3.73-fold 3.73; 1.81–7.70, p  Conclusions Both are effect is even strengthened when have both habits. These findings suggest users can greatly reduce if they quit these two