Occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and other parental risk factors in hypospadias and cryptorchidism development: a case-control study.

摘要: Summary Aim of the study Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous agents that capable altering endocrine system functions, including regulation developmental processes. The aim this was to investigate association between EDC exposure and other parental factors in etiology hypospadias cryptorchidism. Methods A case–control conducted. Cases (n = 210) were infants aged 6 months 14 years diagnosed with or cryptorchidism who attended authors' hospital over a period 18 months, controls within same range age without any urological disorders outpatient clinic during time period. Their selection independent exposures. Data on occupational exposure EDCs sociodemographic variables collected through face-to-face interviews systematically for both cases controls. Crude adjusted odds ratios (ORs) estimated control confounding their 95% confidence interval (CI) by means logistic regressions. Specifically, three final models dichotomous outcome constructed: one cryptorchidism, hypospadias, third considering malformations together. Hosmer-Lemeshow test used assess goodness fit models. discriminatory accuracy (DA) ascertained estimating areas under receiver operating characteristic curves area curve (AUC) along CI. Results Associations found advanced maternal (OR adjusted = 1.82; CI: 1.14–2.92), mother's consumption anti-abortives (OR = 5.40; 1.40–38.5) drugs (OR = 2.02; 1.31–3.16) pregnancy, paternal 4.08; 2.03–8.96 OR 3.90; 2.41–6.48, respectively), fathers smoking (OR = 2.0; 1.33–2.99), (OR = 2.31; 1.15–4.90). Maternal high educational level could be protective (OR = 0.47; 0.28–0.76 and OR = 0.63; 0.42–0.93, respectively). DA whole sample (AUC = 0.75; 0.70–0.79) for (AUC 0.76; 0.71–0.82) and 0.75; 0.69–0.81) moderately high. Conclusions Advanced age, some EDCs, drug consumption, smoking, father's history may increase risk predict developments these malformations. Studies higher samples sizes needed associations individual EDC exposures table . Adjusted ORs alleged sample. Parental CI Inferior limit Upper 1.82 1.14 2.92 3.48 1.57 7.67 Anti-abortives 5.57 1.08 28.75 Consumption 2.22 1.36 3.62 0.81 2.26 Paternal 4.20 2.48 7.11 Smoking 2.07 1.32 3.26 Father's 2.10 0.95 4.62 Constant 0.26 OR, ratio; EDC, endocrine-disrupting chemical; CI, interval. Goodness fit: chi-squared = 1.10; P = 0.99.