Life and death in the placenta: new peptides and genes regulating human syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous cytotrophoblast lineage formation and renewal.

摘要: Differential techniques have revealed several novel genes and peptides involved in trophoblast development including PL74 / gdf15 MIC-1, a TGFbeeta family cytokine that controls apoptosis differentiation, PL48, new serine-threonine protein kinase, serum glucocorticoid-induced PBK-1, tunicamycin-responsive gene, cathepsin D-like gene (DAP-1) hypoxia- regulated HRF-1,2,6,8 HIF-1alpha, HIF-1beta, hEPAS-1. Syncytin, cell fusion- inducing has been cloned from placenta where it regulates fusion. ERV-3 also demonstrated to promote These two represent the first functions of endogenous retroviral sequences human tissues. Endoglin, PlGF, TGFbeta3, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, placental IGFBP protease found roles regulating cytotrophoblast proliferation invasiveness. A specific p105 rasGAP identified. The homeobox DLX4, HB24, MSX2 MOX2 likely play role devel opment at epithelial-mesenchymal boundary. Transcription factors such as TEF-5, Hand1, HEB, HASH-2 represented by ESTs may regulatory development. Evidence suggests an unusual two-cell system for regulation which direct later apoptotic events syncytium, with syncytialization possibly triggered “phosphatidylserine flip”. Thus, is both rich source growth-regulatory substances, model originating paradigms developmental biology.