Geographically patterned variation in diapause and its relationship to other climate-associated phenotypes and genotypes of Drosophila americana

摘要: To declare a trait adaptive, it is necessary to show heritability and beneficial fitness effects of phenotype. Association between phenotypic environmental variance insufficient identify adaptive traits because non-selective forces can build phenotype-environment associations without effects. However, if the same occur in independent lineages subject similar stresses, shared among may be more likely have are targets for further study adaptation. I tested hypothesis that, species sharing climate habitat distributions, candidates adaptations selective pressures. used Drosophila americana as model endemic temperate conditions those other wellstudied populations has qualities that make amenable studies putative adaptations. These include an ancient association with cold climates previously defined regions clinally distributed genetic variation maintained by selection. demonstrated reproductive diapause D. americana. The fused X-4 chromosome sufficient increase probability americana, establishing linking under selection