The use of urine marking in the scavenging behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)

摘要: The eleven different functions for which mammals use urine marking are reviewed in this paper, and the behavior of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is described detail. A new hypothesis advanced that may serve as a "book keeping system" fox's scavenging behavior. Foxes consistently investigate mark inedible food remnants (e.g., bones, bird wings, dried out pieces hide). When re-investigates marked remnant, signals "no present," investigates object only brief period time. This increase efficiency its behavior, i.e. more food-items found per hour scavenging. be particularly important during periods shortage. tested three experiments, using free-ranging foxes subjects. Experiment I establishes do remnants. II shows significantly shorter time (P<0.001) exhibiting both odor compared to just food. III suggests there hierarchy stimuli determines responses experiments also suggest degree social activities foxes. appear each other's marks their Thus study definitely support LEYHAUSEN'S (1965) statement life solitary animals frequently complex than we realize. Solitary species probably show many ingeniously adapted mechanisms occupying niches where highly could not maintained. evolution ecological advantages deserve focus future research.