Utility of Substance Stock and Flow Studies

摘要: The intensified use of materials, products and goods in our time involves massive consumption metals organic compounds that can be released from society to the environment various stages production, waste. Depending on circumstances this may give rise environmental risks, as general certain substances toxic short or long term. So where have those been utilized? In which environments? Substance flow analysis (SFA) is a method deal with these issues. results are quantifications flows stocks systematic way within defined system boundaries.In thesis four main research areas identified, need addressed. i) Application SFA not studied respect before, knowledge about related goods. ii) Development meet needs studies trends for substance cycles quantification potential changes. iii) Assessment different agents actions induce changes, such chemical regulations, objectives aims. To what extent changes flows? iv) Finally assess, how useful decisions? specified aims focus antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) mercury (Hg) group alkylphenol/alkylphenol ethoxylates (AP/APEO), urban environments, exemplified case Stockholm, capital Sweden.This result five studies. Three were based mainly methodology (Paper I-III). It has also important develop there lack information IV). Furthermore, assessment policy questions regulations involve qualitative approaches discussions I V).The show Cd, Hg, Pb Sb AP/APEO. confirm release studied. For Sb, emissions brake linings (96%) dominate, but small textiles, flame retarded probably point sources. AP/APEO textile previously underestimated presented here included pose textiles cleaning major emission source wastewater.To repeat compare years was development SFA-method, showed Cd Hg being phased out inflow diminished amounts, whereas remain approximately constant when comparing 1995 2002/2003. it possible talk phase-out some specific goods, stock.The metabolism could decisions, e.g. effects local initiatives cases voluntary initiatives, prevailing chemicals regulation. utility SFAs decision makers methodological issues, accounting approach. However, found depend structure monitoring, screening concentration wastewaters sewage sludge precede mapping conducted SFA. Flow Analysis will likely continue serve broad tool one at time, offer characterization diffuse environments.