How does a newt find its way from a pond? : Migration patterns after breeding and metamorphosis in great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) and smooth newts (T-vulgaris)

摘要: Sexual dimorphism, predator avoidance and migratory behaviour are adaptive traits that show variation at the population species level. Such features respond to environment in broad sense, is, when both abiotic biotic components included. Newts of genus Triturus have several unique therefore make interesting model organisms. I use multivariate methods test predictions about evolution sex differences morphological traits. There was no evidence for dimorphism due diverging feeding niche specialisation between sexes great crested smooth newts (Triturus cristatus T. vulgaris, respectively). The sexes, on other hand, diverged related female fecundity male reproductive success. Within Triturus, there overall allometry sexual size (SSD), but subgenus a lineage comprised by medium- large-bodied species, were significantly allometric, SSD decreased with increasing body male-biased taxa increased female-biased taxa. Species marmoratus-cristatus group almost perfectly isometric, female-biased. With respect an ancestral state, suggest mating system caused small-bodied (subgenus Palaeotriton) decrease smaller size, whereas evolved larger reversal from male- SSD. Several peculiar common latter group. argue, present conceptual model, is adaptation genetic constraints posed balanced lethal (the developmental arrest syndrome). life history traits, as well may be interpreted scenario. Predictions presented future research validity encouraged. threatened introduction fish predator-prey behaviour, tested. results newt able detect chemical cues ninespined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius, adjust its accordingly. response could enables adults increase success eliminating predation risk. also studied migration surrounding landscape elements after breeding metamorphosis newts. Fragmentation effects reduce chance disperse suitable habitat patches landscape. demonstrate appear orientate towards forest non-randomly, regardless age-class or their responses used predict where critical persistence located, relation pond. Overall, my studies more prone local extinction than previously believed, much possible specialisation. avenues discuss implications management conservation newt-friendly landscapes.