Ökologie der Antibiotikaresistenz

摘要: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae were detected shortly after the introduction of broad spectrum cephalosporins in hospitals. Today, they are prevalent community, animals, foods, and environment. Many factors contribute to distribution, especially usage antimicrobials humans due multiple resistances, not only β-lactams cephalosporins.This distribution ESBLs cannot be fully explained by clonal spread successful strains. Horizontal transmission resistance genes, located on transmissible elements, probably plays a much greater role. This gene transfer also enables new combinations genes which causes therapeutic problems.The complex interactions make it difficult estimate relative contribution different sources. Resistance broadly distributed humans, environment pattern seems become more similar. It is evident that two major pathways have considered, human-to-human transmission, frequently hospitals exchange between food, For latter, can go both directions.Further studies necessary understand reservoirs, bacterial concentration needed, having an impact colonization transmission. Multiple measures human veterinary side complement each other interact. A One Health approach needs developed rigorously established.