Antibiotics in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems

摘要: Antibiotics are widely prescribed for use as human and veterinary medicines. Through waste disposal inadvertent releases, these compounds often introduced to terrestrial aquatic ecosystems. considered emerging ecological contaminants because of a limited understanding their occurrence, fate, effects. Physiochemical properties antibiotics influencing environmental fate pathways such partitioning sediment may not be characterized by calculating Kd values from Kow individual compounds. Similarly, state-of-the-science hydrological models should coupled with pharmaceutical introduction newly derived experimental data predict transport at the watershed scale. While single-species toxicity tests useful impacts on ecosystems, alternative endpoints, focusing target specific responses evolutionary conservation targeted pathways, need developed assess antibiotic Lotic mesocosms specifically recommended structural functional systems individual, mixture, degradate exposures via waterborne dietary routes. This information will support both prospective (regulatory) retrospective (postrelease, site specific) risk assessments antibiotics. Watersheds influenced confined animal feed operations effluent-dominated stream ecosystems likely represent worse-case scenarios impacts, particularly in rapidly urbanizing agricultural intensive areas arid semiarid