Coupling practices between knowledge and decisions in participatory water governance: A comparison of WFD and MSFD implementation in France

摘要: This article compares the effects of “performative participation” on nature and use knowledge in implementation Water Framework Directive (WFD) compared with that Marine Strategy (MSFD) New Aquitaine. Both European directives promote an ecosystem approach to participation, but offer very little detail how this can be implemented practice. We apply a new conceptual model (4As) compare actors have responded through (1) Acquisition political resources, (2) their Aggregation, (3) Articulation, (4) Accumulation. Results show both cases coupling practices shaped usage constructed two types “public” water governance.