摘要: There are three surface effects which may penetrate many shielding lengths into a metal. These charge-density oscillation, the addition of evanescent parts to wave function, and distortion momentum distribution electrons. The amplitude charge oscillations is quite small in most cases probably negligible. additional have significant effect on properties solid near its surface. They can cause optical transitions do not conserve crystal momentum, buildup negative vicinity boundary, change electron functions at characteristics discussed detail nearly free-electron approximation. dependent orientation boundary relative axes energy state. same physical situation that adds function also distorts electrons so more moving parallel than case interior. penetrates interior distance order mean free path
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