Insecticide Resistance in the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

摘要: The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious pest on wide range of crops throughout the world. F. difficult to control with insecticides because its thigmokinetic behaviour and resistance insecticides. Pesticide can have negative impact integrated management programmes chemical as one components. Resistance number different has been shown in many populations occidentalis. This thrips potential fast development owing short generation time, high fecundity, haplodiploid breeding system. mechanisms conferring insecticide insects be divided into four levels. First, an altered aid insect avoid coming contact insecticide. Second, delayed penetration through integument will reduce effect at target site. Third, inside insect, detoxification enzymes may metabolise thereby inactivate Fourth, last level alterations site for Knowledge give information tools used problem. Recently, studies carried out investigate underlying It appears that polyfactorial; confer coexist same population. Possible include: reduced penetration, by P450-monooxygenases, esterases glutathione S-transferases, acetylcholinesterase, organophosphate carbamate Target pyrethroids (knockdown resistance) also mechanism