Relationship between congenital anomalies and contraception.

摘要: Most contraceptive methods are associated with defined maternal risks. These risks can be balanced against the benefits individual users arriving at informed decisions concerning propriety of using a given method. Physicians and patients alike have grown accustomed to benefits/risks analysis this type. In past decade increasing attention has been allegations that various forms contraception pose fetal Sometimes claimed as result exposure during pregnancy (teratogenesis). At other times long-term after discontinuation agent. That is there due prior (mutagenesis). Some studies show oral contraceptives teratogenic. The most common anomalies cited hypospadias cardiac limb reduction deformities anencephaly spina bifida (neural tube disorders). Other claim mutagenic effects from Gene mutations specifie loci numerical structural chromosome abnormalities intensely studied these effects. IUDs also implicated teratogens especially for deformities. Vaginal spermicides in wide variety disorders including defects neoplasms chromosomal Downs syndrome. Infrequent coitus rhythm method causing supposedly aging sperm and/or ovum. Although many or mutagens evidence not yet convincing. Insufficient data lack controls recall bias just some reasons remaining skeptical aforementioned studies.