Sexual dimorphism, phenotypic integration, and the evolution of head structure in casque-headed lizards.

摘要: Sexes can differ in features associated with differential reproduction, which be used during courtship or aggressive encounters. Some traits tend to evolve independently between sexes and emerge as sexually dimorphic within the organismal phenotype. We characterize such a relationship by estimating phenotypic integration of head morphology modularity crest casque-headed lizards (Corytophanidae). In this clade, some species show extreme sexual dimorphism (e.g., crests genus Basiliscus) while others, both are monomorphic. To these patterns, we define at interspecific level pattern network evidenced phylogenetically adjusted correlations that persist among species. At level, is an increased connectedness higher correlation) sections networks lineage evolution complex phenotypes. test concepts, phylogenetic geomorphometrics structure corytophanid lizards, based on time-calibrated phylogeny includes candidate fossil ancestors. found evidence older diversification corytophanids than previously reported (~67 vs. ~23.5 MYA) clade two morphological architectures: (1) Sexually present males evolving from rest structure, (2) full monomorphic propose architectures optimal evolutionary trajectories parietal bones lizards. species, elongated thinner, gave rise extended male displays. grew thicker allow for better insertion muscles stronger bite.