Racial and cultural identity development, attitudes to acculturation strategies, and national identity among minority culture Australian adolescents

摘要: The present study explored cultural identity in minority culture adolescents living rural and remote regions of North Queensand Australia. Cultural can be defined as a process involving cognitive appraisal which results from self awareness achieved either through the collective experience within membership group or individual perception we compare ourselves to reference group. focused particularly on work by Jean Phinney her colleagues (Phinney, & Devic‐Navarro, 1995) who found that cultures tend undergo self‐discovery exploration their ethnic roots following self‐challenging experiences such racism. authors proposed three distinct stages achieving an and/or identity: (1) is not issue therefore unexplored; (2) increasing about ethnicity likely follow racism; (3) coming terms with one's (acceptance). stage‐wise nature construction achievement was particular interest study, focus clarifying whether Australian described colleagues, when actively searching for identification. It argued identification involves multifaceted complex may smply outcome negative racism, suggested colleagues. Rather, it result range experiences, ‐of racism one‐, interacting over time (Alipuria, 2002). Another main objective this examine predictive value Berry's (1992) Attitudes Acculturation Strategies Scale explain differences if any perceived (national/civic) between Anglo‐Australian (AA) culturally linguistically diverse background (CLDB) adolescents. Convenience samples junior high school (year 8) senior 12) were drawn four different schools located regional Queensland, Approximately 415 students ranging 12 19 years age asked respond questionnaire during class time. One hundred six participants identified CLDB (non‐English‐speaking migrants indigenous Australians). included intra‐group (between samples) inter‐group comparisons samples). involved cross‐sectional field survey including variables search (active roots), original culture, incidence phenotypic characteristics respondents, attitudes acculturation, self‐appraisal, group‐based parental variables, socio‐economic geographical statuses. et al's, predicted relationship identity, mediated active origin supported phenotype controlled for. A significant origins found, but overall. In turn, those reported Caucasian phenotype. Therefore, concluded Phinney's model succeeds predicting racial necessarily identity. There no respect girls boys across groups. However, youth Asian features (phenotype) experienced significantly more than Caucasian‐looking youth. As expected visible major factor shaping Those children themselves "Caucasian‐looking" tended identify ʺAustralianʺ. being consistent Indigenous ended report biculturality rather ʺAustralianʺ Racism critical catalyst Marcia, (1980, cited Bosma, Graafsma, Grotevan, De Levita, 1994) (1991), however, Interestingly, large majority experiencing regardless they visibly not. Moreover, lesser This indicate there pressure conform social norms do subscribe suffer discrimination prejudice consequence. while seem have translated term "Australian" encompass also, migrant contrast, appear role incongruence; overwhelming them identifying less half origin. Results indicated some cultre Positive, in‐group, identity‐shaping speaking second language at home partaking activities strngly associated achievement. maturation effects both early late reporting similar patterns responses. extended situational home, peers. Civic national (the meaning Australian) yielded either; older describe asset so younger counterparts. Ego‐identity stage respondents made difference global self‐esteem, higher self‐esteem moratorium (being aware one yet committing them). diffused (not identity) lower self‐esteem. Thus, multicultural adolescents, two realities/experiences conducive all. had effect other self‐appraisal indicators (coping, self‐image optimism future). strong, positive association (in‐group) perceptions found. acculturation related search, except assimilated integrated attitudes: assimilation attitudes, attitudes. addition, positively linked (in‐group perceptions). With English ability family composition link settlement (whether parents recent arrivals established migrants) youth's Similarly, neither employment status nor occupation appears identificaion. civic times "unsure" AA sex. scored marginalized attitude scales Anglo‐Australians, expected, groups separated scores. score sub‐scales, little scores Finally, scores, assimilated, separated, sub‐scales. youth, age, overall show mature, tolerant boys. Older females self‐image; exhibited