Strategies for the design of bright upconversion nanoparticles for bioanalytical applications

摘要: Abstract In recent years upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) received great attention because of their outstanding optical properties. Especially in bioanalytical applications this class materials can overcome limitations common probes like high background fluorescence or blinking. Nevertheless, the requirements for UCNPs to be applicable biological samples, e.g. small size, water-dispersibility, excitation at low power density are contradiction with demand brightness. Therefore, a lot is payed enhancement luminescence. This review discuss trends and strategies boost brightness UCNPs, classified three main directions: a) improving efficiency energy absorption by sensitizer via coupling plasmonic photonic structures attachment ligands light harvesting; b) minimizing non-radiative deactivation variations architecture UCNPs; c) changing wavelength get bright particles aqueous systems. These critically reviewed including current as well future perspectives design efficient especially sensing application samples cells.