The impacts of temperature on the long-term variation in migration and breeding performance of birds

摘要: As the climate of our planet is warming, there an urgent need to understand how temperature changes affect nature and species are able cope with changing environment. In my thesis I used Finnish long-term monitoring data examine effects fluctuations in other environmental variables on migration behavior breeding performance birds. found that during warm springs birds started breed earlier, which increased length time period spent area because timing autumn remained mostly constant (only young from latest broods migrated later). After productivity (the number offspring per adult) was moderately but uniformly higher than after cold study community passerine The annual productivities population sizes varied synchronously among species. Despite connections between temperature, size, trends were not connected productivity. This implies survival non-breeding would be driving trends. Mild winter temperatures caused proportion partially migratory waterbirds overwinter Finland winters. Climate warming related lack severe ice winters arguably behind steep increase resident waterbirds, while no terrestrial period. wintering choice little affected by several seed crop trees had a strong impact. Modelling distribution phenology often essential for studying whether adjustments sufficient change. My comparison methods showed usually relative simple distributions describe well. also provided novel method account day-to-day variation data. findings indicate life-history traits northern bird responsive temperatures, differences taxa functional groups responses, underlines importance numerous order draw general conclusions predict continuing