Determinants of deer impact in European forests – A systematic literature analysis

摘要: Abstract Little comprehensive research on forest-ungulate interactions has been undertaken to gain a holistic and deep understanding of the ecological, social economic interdependencies regarding this sensitive topic. The is mainly constrained by complexity topic, which further determined large temporal spatial scales. For future as well for practical implementation, set more than few factors have be included in study designs. aim present overview mechanisms can modified address deer impact function-oriented silviculture. We used approach vote-counting assess not only numerical data from primary literature, but also descriptive findings conclusions discussions numerous heterogenic literature To mitigate bias introduced such surveys individual researchers, we group extract commonly agreeable results. surveyed 38 studies Europe dealing with red ( Cervus elaphus ), roe Capreolus capreolus ) fallow Dama dama ). found 185 mentions 80 distinct determining browsing, bark stripping fraying these ungulates. provide an factors, describe way they are correlated suggest ways incorporate our management practice. Most broad variety were related forest properties structure, disturbance site features relevant. evidence that most modifiable silvicultural means overruled where density or population locally excess. Thus, survey highlights necessity approaches integrate management, hunting other stakeholder effects impact.