Stress and Immunity

摘要: For many years immunologists have considered an immune response to be a direct consequence of, and solely determined by, antigenic stimulation of autonomous system. In the past decade, however, we come realize that system is regulated by central nervous either directly, or way neuroendocrine axis, i.e., hypothalamic-hypophysial system, autonomic (Ader et al. 1990). The realization has immunomodulatory potential based on different lines evidence. example, primary secondary lymphoid organs are innervated sympathetic (Felten Felten 1991), cells express cell-surface receptors for β-adrenergic transmitters, as well host neurally neuroendocrinologically active peptides (Blalock 1988; Weigent Blalock, this volume). A large number hormones transmitters been shown exert effects both in vivo vitro (see Khansari These include: Glucocorticoids (Munck Guyre 1991) Opioids — endorphins enkephalins (Shavit 1991; Heijen 1991) Catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine (Madden Livnat 1991) Acetylcholine (Coffey Hadden 1985) Benzodiazepines (Petitto 1989) Gonadal testosterone, estrogen, progesterone (McCruden Stimson 1991) Adrenocorticotropin (Heijen 1991) Growth hormone 1990; Kelley 1991) Prolactin (Bernton 1991) Vasoactive intestinal peptide (Ottaway 1991) Somatostatin (Stanisz 1986) Substance P (McGillis 1991) Thymic thymopoetin, thymopentin (Hall 1991) Thyroid thyrotropin, thyrotropin-releasing (Carr Blalock 1991) Melatonin (Maestroni Conti 1991) Vasopressin (Johnson Torres 1985) Oxytocin 1985) Learning, exemplified classical conditioning, can enhance (Gorczynski 1991) depress Cohen responses. mediated largely, but not exclusively, hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis. Therefore, experiments with various types stress required provide information roles played neuropeptides concert other signal molecules involved neuroimmunomodulation.