Optimal mate selection in the toad Bufo bufo

摘要: SEXUAL reproduction can no longer be regarded as a cooperative venture in which males and females are selected to achieve the same goals. The optimal reproductive strategy for male is often very different from that female1,2. We report here that, wild, toads (Bufo bufo) do not pair up at random, this comes about through male–male competition probably influenced by behaviour of female mating involves compromise between optima.