Severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings in Europe

摘要: This study summarizes the current severe thunderstorm warning and forecast operations in different European National Hydro-Meteorological Services (NHMSs), and, doing so, suggests ways for countries developing their own service to learn from experiences other countries, as well United States of America, longest-lived world. is based on a questionnaire sent 39 NHMSs which thirty-three (85%) responded. Currently, many are actively process services with 26 (79%) respondent issuing warnings 8 (24%) tornado warnings. Both criteria methodologies used vary country country. Lead-times range 30 min 96 h, indicating philosophies each Major challenges toward improving include obtaining observations weather real-time forecasting post-event verification, educating forecasters, having access state-of-the-art forecaster workstations. An additional challenge communicating anticipated or ongoing thunderstorms, both internationally between nationally media emergency authorities.