Animal well-being. II. Stress and distress.

摘要: The concepts of stress and distress are integral parts consideration animal well-being. Generally, refers to a state threatened homeostasis, but precise clinical definitions, causes, biological measurements have been controversial confusing. Numerous factors associated with needs, life in captivity, threatening events, or aversive stimuli may threaten homeostasis. An animal's well-being quality is an individual's internal somatic mental that affected by what it knows perceives; its feelings motivational state; the responses external environments; interacting variables; phylogeny ontogeny. Threats homeostasis activate complex pattern behavioral changes central autonomic nervous endocrine systems. Some can be considered normal adaptive coping activities, satisfactorily handling threats therefore contributing Other abnormal, maladaptive, affective disorders. A persistent threat lead prolonged hyperactivity neuroendocrine system, which impairs rather than contributes Except for extremes, differentiation between abnormal states frequently unclear. Individual adapting styles more important determining varied responses. In animals, perception stimulus event as actual situation environment. As caregivers, humans know no threat, usually does not function same information base humans. principal component controlling response how perceives situation. Mental likely exist animals if they familiar their environment, including social groups, predict anticipate