Organism–environment interactions in a changing world: a mechanistic approach

摘要: Understanding the interactions of an organism and its environment is essential for us to integrate ultimate proximate causation on a global scale. Organism- interaction includes all organisms including animals, plants, non-eukaryotes, etc. because them are responsive environmental change those that human-induced. A mechanistic approach important understand why some can cope with others cannot. Here, we present three examples environments (''the poles'') changing rapidly how avian species typical these ecosystems responding. These include apparently adaptive responses in climate (i.e. predictable envi- ronment) one which lengthened breeding season now allows multiple attempts. Why other unable respond similar way remains unclear. second example describes weather unpredictable) may have disastrous results success adapted extreme cold environment. Implications extremes will become more common again suggest be respond. The third outlines sce- nario human-induced rapid changes (a combination unpredictable such as development, habitat change, introduction invasive spe- cies change) influence indigenous different ways. Organism-environment fundamental concept unify point future investigations striving coping mechanisms world where both components environ- ment changing.