Analyzing the characteristics of plants choosing to opt-out of the Large Combustion Plant Directive

摘要: Abstract The EU Large Combustion Plant Directive (LCPD) is a major but largely unstudied environmental regulation. Most of the 1585 large combustion plants in this analysis are electricity supply or combined heat and power plants. We find that, controlling for country characteristics plant size, supply, power, district heating, paper industries have higher probability being opted-out emission limit values (ELVs), which necessitates eventual closure. Controlling size industry, increasing amount solid fuel natural gas utilized at associated with decreased likelihood ELVs.